More recent up to date information this tutorial deals with can be found on the Ubuntu Wiki

https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BackupYourSystem
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BackupYourSystem/TAR
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Ca...BackupRecovery


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Hi, and welcome to the Heliode guide to successful backing-up and restoring of a Linux system!

Most of you have probably used Windows before you started using Ubuntu. During that time you might have needed to backup and restore your system. For Windows you would need proprietary software for which you would have to reboot your machine and boot into a special environment in which you could perform the backing-up/restoring (programs like Norton Ghost).
During that time you might have wondered why it wasnt possible to just add the whole c: to a big zip-file. This is impossible because in Windows, there are lots of files you cant copy or overwrite while they are being used, and therefore you needed specialized software to handle this.

Well, Im here to tell you that those things, just like rebooting, are Windows CrazyThings (tm). Theres no need to use programs like Ghost to create backups of your Ubuntu system (or any Linux system, for that matter). In fact; using Ghost might be a very bad idea if you are using anything but ext2. Ext3, the default Ubuntu partition, is seen by Ghost as a damaged ext2 partition and does a very good job at screwing up your data.

1: Backing-up

"What should I use to backup my system then?" might you ask. Easy; the same thing you use to backup/compress everything else; TAR. Unlike Windows, Linux doesnt restrict root access to anything, so you can just throw every single file on a partition in a TAR file!

To do this, become root with

sudo su

and go to the root of your filesystem (we use this in our example, but you can go anywhere you want your backup to end up, including remote or removable drives.)

cd /

Now, below is the full command I would use to make a backup of my system:

Run command below in one line:

tar cvpzf backup.tgz --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found  

--exclude=/backup.tgz --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys 

--exclude=/media /

Now, lets explain this a little bit.
The tar part is, obviously, the program were going to use.

cvpfz are the options we give to tar, like create archive (obviously),
preserve permissions(to keep the same permissions on everything the same), and gzip to keep the size down.

Next, the name the archive is going to get. backup.tgz in our example.

Next comes the root of the directory we want to backup. Since we want to backup everything; /

Now come the directories we want to exclude. We dont want to backup everything since some dirs arent very useful to include. Also make sure you dont include the file itself, or else youll get weird results.
You might also not want to include the /mnt folder if you have other partitions mounted there or youll end up backing those up too. Also make sure you dont have anything mounted in /media (i.e. dont have any cds or removable media mounted). Either that or exclude /media.

EDIT : kvidell suggests below we also exclude the /dev directory. I have other evidence that says it is very unwise to do so though.

Well, if the command agrees with you, hit enter (or return, whatever) and sit back&relax. This might take a while.

Afterwards youll have a file called backup.tgz in the root of your filessytem, which is probably pretty large. Now you can burn it to DVD or move it to another machine, whatever you like!

EDIT2:
At the end of the process you might get a message along the lines of tar: Error exit delayed from previous errors or something, but in most cases you can just ignore that.

Alternatively, you can use Bzip2 to compress your backup. This means higher compression but lower speed. If compression is important to you, just substitute
the z in the command with j, and give the backup the right extension.
That would make the command look like this:

Run command below in one line:

tar cvpjf backup.tar.bz2 --exclude=/proc  

--exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/backup.tar.bz2  

--exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys /

2: Restoring

Warning: Please, for goodness sake, be careful here. If you dont understand what you are doing here you might end up overwriting stuff that is important to you, so please take care!

Well, well just continue with our example from the previous chapter; the file backup.tgz in the root of the partition.

Once again, make sure you are root and that you and the backup file are in the root of the filesystem.

One of the beautiful things of Linux is that Thisll work even on a running system; no need to screw around with boot-cds or anything. Of course, if youve rendered your system unbootable you might have no choice but to use a live-cd, but the results are the same. You can even remove every single file of a Linux system while it is running with one command. Im not giving you that command though!

Well, back on-topic.
This is the command that I would use:

 tar xvpfz backup.tgz -C /

Or if you used bz2;

 tar xvpfj backup.tar.bz2 -C /

WARNING: this will overwrite every single file on your partition with the one in the archive!

Just hit enter/return/your brother/whatever and watch the fireworks. Again, this might take a while. When it is done, you have a fully restored Ubuntu system! Just make sure that, before you do anything else, you re-create the directories you excluded:

mkdir proc
mkdir lost+found
mkdir mnt
mkdir sys
etc...

And when you reboot, everything should be the way it was when you made the backup!

2.1: GRUB restore
Now, if you want to move your system to a new harddisk or if you did something nasty to your GRUB (like, say, install Windows), Youll also need to reinstall GRUB.
There are several very good howtos on how to do that here on this forum, so im not going to reinvent the wheel. Instead, take a look here:

http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthre...t=grub+restore

There are a couple of methods proposed. I personally recommend the second one, posted by remmelt, since that has always worked for me.


Well thats it! I hope it was helpful!
As always, any feedback is appreciated!